The persistence of poverty in advanced welfare states casts doubt on the fundamental operating procedures of income distribution and redistribution. What are the reasons for this apparent failure of the welfare state in alleviating poverty? Why are some countries more effective than others in this respect and what can explain these variations in effectiveness? Addressing one of the major puzzles in comparative welfare state research, this volume examines why there is income poverty in highly developed welfare states. Focusing on the basic safety net of the welfare state, it offers a systematic analysis of the effectiveness of minimum income schemes in a comparative study across three highly developed welfare states: Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Blending insights from a combination of institutional information and quantitative data from income surveys, the author evaluates the causal mechanisms for the persistence of income poverty in highly developed welfare states and derives conclusions for political reforms

The book has two principal purposes: To provide an introduction to interpersonal helping in the context of social work practice, and to develop a conceptual framework for interpersonal helping --called social treatment--that will enable the social worker and members of other helping professions effectively to use all the various methods and strategies currently practiced. The book offers an orderly and systematic way of proceeding through a complex and often confused area of practice; in it, large issues--such as remediation versus prevention--are explored along with concrete suggestions for intervention with individuals, families, and small groups. Theoretical systems are considered not merely for the techniques they suggest but also for the values and views of man inherent in them. The helping process itself is analyzed from the point of view of the consumer as well as the worker. A conceptual framework for practice is developed that allows for systematic eclecticism in theory and technique, providing a framework for evaluating and comparing different methods of social treatment. The author defines social treatment as "an approach to interpersonal helping which utilizes direct and indirect strategies of intervention to aid individuals, families, and small groups in improving social functioning and coping with social problems." Beginning with a discussion of the concept of remediation within the context of the larger contemporary issues of social reform and environmental protection, Professor Whittaker proceeds to consider several critical issues in present social work practice, such as client advocacy, service delivery systems, and professionalization. Subsequent chapters discuss the multiple roles that social work practitioners perform, the major theoretical bases of social treatment, the treatment sequence from intake to after care, and the full range of helping activities that practitioners undertake indirectly on behalf of their clients. The final chapter explores current trends and future directions in social treatment. In the Appendix, a framework for evaluating methods of interpersonal helping is developed and 21 approaches to social treatment are described and resource bibliographies are provided. This book--brief, lucid, and systematic--is a major step toward that redefinition, and will be invaluable to beginning students and advanced practitioners in social work and in all the other professional and paraprofessional fields engaged in providing human services.

There is growing recognition that globalization places major pressures on the development of social security schemes. Internationalization of the economy has important consequences for labor markets: employment is becoming less secure and inequality and social exclusion more pronounced in many countries. At the same time, there are some fundamental socio-demographic changes: new family structures, an aging population, and migration. Increased uncertainty and exclusion intensify the need for social security. Both the public and private sectors are redefining their roles, reshuffling responsibilities between states, markets, families, and individuals. Social Security in the Global Village investigates the new challenges for social security in an increasingly globalized world and analyzes strategies of adjustment. A group of internationally renowned experts in this field assess the variety of effects that globalization has had on national social security schemes. A common theme of a first set of chapters is the relationship between common pressures of globalization and the role of national institutional frameworks in shaping the impact of these pressures on social security. Countries are dealing in different ways with these challenges and follow diverse pathways of adjustment that quite often contradict widespread assumptions about the effects of globalization. A second set of chapters is devoted to challenges in selected policy areas: migration, labor markets, and social cohesion issues. Among the topical issues discussed are the social rights of migrants, the changing rights and obligations in unemployment insurance, lessons to be drawn for the promotion of employment, the relationship between family policy and employment policy for mothers, the management of social risks, and the protection of an adequate income in an active welfare state. Research can help to enlighten and inform the policy debate about the legitimacy of social security in the new, globalized world. This book aims to help those involved-researchers and policy makers alike-advance toward that goal.

The persistence of poverty in advanced welfare states casts doubt on the fundamental operating procedures of income distribution and redistribution. What are the reasons for this apparent failure of the welfare state in alleviating poverty? Why are some countries more effective than others in this respect and what can explain these variations in effectiveness? Addressing one of the major puzzles in comparative welfare state research, this volume examines why there is income poverty in highly developed welfare states. Focusing on the basic safety net of the welfare state, it offers a systematic analysis of the effectiveness of minimum income schemes in a comparative study across three highly developed welfare states: Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Blending insights from a combination of institutional information and quantitative data from income surveys, the author evaluates the causal mechanisms for the persistence of income poverty in highly developed welfare states and derives conclusions for political reforms

The book has two principal purposes: To provide an introduction to interpersonal helping in the context of social work practice, and to develop a conceptual framework for interpersonal helping --called social treatment--that will enable the social worker and members of other helping professions effectively to use all the various methods and strategies currently practiced. The book offers an orderly and systematic way of proceeding through a complex and often confused area of practice; in it, large issues--such as remediation versus prevention--are explored along with concrete suggestions for intervention with individuals, families, and small groups. Theoretical systems are considered not merely for the techniques they suggest but also for the values and views of man inherent in them. The helping process itself is analyzed from the point of view of the consumer as well as the worker. A conceptual framework for practice is developed that allows for systematic eclecticism in theory and technique, providing a framework for evaluating and comparing different methods of social treatment. The author defines social treatment as "an approach to interpersonal helping which utilizes direct and indirect strategies of intervention to aid individuals, families, and small groups in improving social functioning and coping with social problems." Beginning with a discussion of the concept of remediation within the context of the larger contemporary issues of social reform and environmental protection, Professor Whittaker proceeds to consider several critical issues in present social work practice, such as client advocacy, service delivery systems, and professionalization. Subsequent chapters discuss the multiple roles that social work practitioners perform, the major theoretical bases of social treatment, the treatment sequence from intake to after care, and the full range of helping activities that practitioners undertake indirectly on behalf of their clients. The final chapter explores current trends and future directions in social treatment. In the Appendix, a framework for evaluating methods of interpersonal helping is developed and 21 approaches to social treatment are described and resource bibliographies are provided. This book--brief, lucid, and systematic--is a major step toward that redefinition, and will be invaluable to beginning students and advanced practitioners in social work and in all the other professional and paraprofessional fields engaged in providing human services.

There is growing recognition that globalization places major pressures on the development of social security schemes. Internationalization of the economy has important consequences for labor markets: employment is becoming less secure and inequality and social exclusion more pronounced in many countries. At the same time, there are some fundamental socio-demographic changes: new family structures, an aging population, and migration. Increased uncertainty and exclusion intensify the need for social security. Both the public and private sectors are redefining their roles, reshuffling responsibilities between states, markets, families, and individuals. "Social Security in the Global Village" investigates the new challenges for social security in an increasingly globalized world and analyzes strategies of adjustment. A group of internationally renowned experts in this field assess the variety of effects that globalization has had on national social security schemes. A common theme of a first set of chapters is the relationship between common pressures of globalization and the role of national institutional frameworks in shaping the impact of these pressures on social security. Countries are dealing in different ways with these challenges and follow diverse pathways of adjustment that quite often contradict widespread assumptions about the effects of globalization. A second set of chapters is devoted to challenges in selected policy areas: migration, labor markets, and social cohesion issues. Among the topical issues discussed are the social rights of migrants, the changing rights and obligations in unemployment insurance, lessons to be drawn for the promotion of employment, the relationship between family policy and employment policy for mothers, the management of social risks, and the protection of an adequate income in an active welfare state. Research can help to enlighten and inform the policy debate about the legitimacy of social security in the new, globalized world. This book aims to help those involved-researchers and policy makers alike-advance toward that goal. Roland Sigg is head of research at the International Social Security Association in Geneva, Switzerland, and lecturer at the University of Geneva. He currently coordinates comparative research projects in the field of the development of the Welfare State, pension, work incapacity and reintegration, and the administration of social security. Christina Behrendt is a freelance researcher and consultant for the International Social Security Association in Geneva. She has authored several articles in the "Journal of European Social Policy" and the "International Social Security Review."

In dem Bemtihen, die Amputationshaufigkeit bei peripher- arteriellen Durchblutungsstarungen zu vermindem und damit die Lebensqualitat zahlreicher betroffener Patienten zu verbessem, wurde in den letzten lahren die femoro-cru- rale Operationstechnik forciert weiterentwickelt und hat erste ermutigende Langzeiterfolge gezeigt. Es ist das unzweifelhafte Verdienst U. Stockmanns, hier en- gagiert Maglichkeiten und Grenzen abgesteckt und das Spektrum technischer Varianten der crural en GefaBchirur- gie erweitert zu haben. Eine der Voraussetzungen daflirwar eine leistungsfahige Angiographie (Chr. Behrendt). Nur mit ihr war es maglich, Kriterien zu erarbeiten, die eine Beurteilung des operativen Erfolges, MiBerfolges und der Prognose eines cruralen Bypass erlauben. Mit diesem Atlas und seinen Beispielen wird das Ergebnis einer interdisziplinaren Zusammenarbeit in seiner besten Form deutlich gemacht, wie sie fUr eine patientenorientier- te modeme Angiologie zwingend erforderlich ist. Das Buch vermeidet umfangreiche Diskussionen wissenschaftlicher Hypothesen, ist aus der Praxis fUr die Praxis geschrieben worden, informiert in einer knappen, sachlichen Sprache tiber Fakten, die bei der angiographischen und operativen Technik wesentlich sind. Es zeigt vor allem die Bedeutung einer persanlichkeitsgepragten Entscheidungskraft, bietet eine relevante Basis fUr taglich notwendige angiologische Entscheidungen in operativen sowie internistischen Berei- chen und macht den Wert eines von hohem Ethos getrage- nen arztlichen Einsatzes deutlich. Es mage dazu beitragen, Chancen zu nutzen, die die femoro-crurale Chirurgie heute bietet. Herbst 1984 H. HEIDRICH Vorwort Die crura1e GefaBchirurgie ist eine M6glichkeit, die Ampu- tation abzuwenden. Die Vorbehalte gegen diese Rekon- struktionstechnik sind groB. Sie wird a1s diffizil, zeitrau- bend und 1etztlich erfo1g1os bezeichnet.